General principles and means of first aid
In each case choose one answer which seems the most appropriate.
1. The best time to start first aid activities:
(a) first 20–60 minutes after injury;
(b) 2–6 hours after injury;
(c) 6–12 hours after injury;
(d) about 24 hours.
2. First aid is given:
(a) on the spot of ES or accident;
(b) in the ambulance;
(c) in the outpatient hospital;
(d) in the inpatient hospital.
3. First aid is given:
(a) the victims and bystanders in course of self-care and peer-rescue;
(b) emergency medical team nurse or doctor;
(c) outpatient nurse;
(d) inpatient medical personnel.
4. Giving first aid one must first of all:
(a) make sure there is no danger for the victim and the first-aiders;
(b) lay the victim in a comfortable position;
(c) arrange for a correct transporting position;
(d) examine the victim for wounds, fractures and dislocations.
5. If the victim is unconscious, it is necessary:
(a) set him in a stable lateral position;
(b) lay him on the back and expose chest;
(c) start artificial ventilation of lungs;
(d) start external chest compressions.
6. The equipment used for first aid includes:
(a) first-aid kits and makeshift means;
(b) only first-aid kit;
(c) only makeshift means;
(d) special medical tools.
7. You give first aid to a 24-year old victim of the traffic accident. Your principle tasks include all the listed, except:
(a) keep yourself and the victim from further injuries;
(b) detection and elimination of life-threatening situations;
(c) performance of first aid procedures and the preparing victim for transportation;
(d) healing the injuries.
8. For assessment of blood circulation you must check all listed, except:
(a) the victim’s skin colour, temperature, the general condition;
(b) carotid artery pulsation;
(c) shoulder arteries pulsation;
(d) if the victim keeps breathing or not.
9. Normal breathing frequency is:
(a) 8–10 rpm;
(b)10–12 rpm;
(c) 15–18 rpm;
(d) 25–40 rpm.
10. Normal heart rate is:
(a) lower than 30 bpm;
(b) 30–50 bpm;
(c) 60–70 bpm;
(d) over 80 bpm.
First Aid for Wounds. External Bleeding Temporary Control
In each case choose one answer which seems the most appropriate.
1. In case of penetrating chest wound it is necessary to apply:
(a) many swabs;
(b) occlusive bandage;
(c) sterile bandage;
(d) direct manual compression of the wound.
2. In case of open bone fracture the bleeding control can be performed in all pointed out manners, except:
(a) digital vessel occlusion above the wound;
(b) compression of the vessel in the wound;
(c) ultimate bending of the limb;
(d) application of the tourniquet.
3. Venous bleeding is characterized by:
(a) a pulsing spurt of bright red blood;
(b) steadily flowing dark red blood with no pulsations;
(c) dark red blood spurting all over the whole wound surface;
(d) blood steadily flowing all over the wound surface.
4. Arterial bleeding is characterized by all the below signs, except:
(a) pulsating spurt;
(b) the bright red colour of blood;
(c) fast bleeding;
(d) steady and slow bleeding.
5. The man aged 40 has a cut wound on the shoulder with intensive bleeding. Dark red blood non-turbulent flow with no pulsation is registered. Which of the presented ways of bleeding control is the most suitable in this case?
(a) compression dressing;
(b) digital occlusion of the vessel above the wound;
(c) application of blood-stopping tourniquet;
(d) the elevated position of the limb.
6. Which of the named instruction best describes the application of compression bandage? Compression bandage:
(a) can be used for arterial and venous bleeding control;
(b) can be applied only for venous and minute vessels bleeding control;
(c) is applied lower the wound;
(d) is applied correctly if the arteries of the distal part of the extremity show no pulsation.
7. Maximal time for temporary bleeding control with the help of blood controlling tourniquet does not exceed:
(a) 30 minutes;
(b) 1 hour;
(c) 2 hours;
(d) 2.5, hours.
8. In the cold season maximal time for the tourniquet on the limb is:
(a) 120 minutes;
(b) 90 minutes;
(c) 60 minutes;
(d) 30 minutes.
9. Which of the following methods is the most adequate for minute vessels bleeding control?
(a) digital occlusion of the vessel above the wound;
(b) compression of the wound with the swab for 2–5 minutes;
(c) ultimate bending of the extremity;
(d) application of blood-stopping a tourniquet.
10. The wound is considered complicated if the following structures are damaged, except:
(a) muscle;
(b) bone;
(c) nerve;
(d) major vessel.
11. Which of the following statements best describes the primary principle of first aid in case of penetrating abdominal wound with falling out small gut?
(a) set the gut loop back to the abdominal cavity and close the wound with bandage;
(b) neither touch not try to set the gut loop inside, cover the wound with sterile dressing;
(c) neither touch not try to set the fallen loop until the medical care is provided;
(d) dress the gut with a dry sterile bandage.
12. All the listed attributes belong to the wound symptoms, except:
(a) bleeding;
(b) pain;
(c) lack of sensitivity;
(d) opening.
13. The basic aims of sterile swab application are all the following, except:
(a) dry the wound;
(b) provide treatment;
(c) prevent further microbial contamination and damage;
(d) immobilize the damaged area.
14. The main purpose of the bandage dressing is:
(a) dry the wound surface;
(b) provide treatment;
(c) prevent further microbial contamination and trauma;
(d) keep the swab on the wound and immobilize the injured part of the body.
15. Occlusion bandage is:
(a) sterile gauze pad;
(b) sticking plaster;
(c) dressing from polyethylene or other airproof material;