I. Which of the following factors may cause renal azotemia?
1. Moderate hypotension.
2. Severe renal ischemia.
3. Rhabdomyolysis.
4. Hemolysis.
5. Antibiotics.
6. Anticancer drugs.
7. Urinary tract obstruction.
II. Glomerular perfusion is preserved during mild renal hypoperfusion by the following mechanisms:
1. Local myogenic reflex in afferent arterioles.
2. Increased production of prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2 in kidney.
3. Increased production of NO.
4. Constriction of efferent arterioles induced by angiotensin II.
5. Constriction of afferent arterioles induced by angiotensin II.
6. Constriction of mesangial cells induced by angiotensin II.
7. Increased release of epinephrine from suprarenal glands.
III. Which of the following conditions promote cast formation in acute renal failure?
1. Hyperkalemia.
2. Hypotension.
3. Hypervolemia.
4. Constriction of renal vessels.
5. Hemodilution.
6. Hypernatremia.
7. Proteinuria.
IV. Choose two disorders that are the most common cause of chronic renal failure:
1. Diabetes mellitus.
2. Arterial hypertension.
3. Atherosclerosis.
4. Glomerulonephritis.
5. Arterial hypotension.
6. Urinary tract obstruction.
7. Heart failure.
V. Which of the following substances are the most likely candidates as toxins in uremia?
1. Triglycerides.
2. Nitrogen compounds.
3. Carbohydrates.
4. Ions.
5. Urea.
6. Metabolites of creatinine.
VI. Hyperkalemia in uremic patients is caused by the following:
1. Acidosis.
2. Vomiting and diarrhea.
3. Reduced activity of plasma membrane Na+-, K+-ATPase.
4. High levels of plasma aldosterone.
5. Resistance of skeletal muscles to the action of insulin.
6. Hyperinsulinemia.
7. A decrease in glomerular filtration rate.
VII. Which of the following factors may be important in the development of anemia in uremic patients?