Main subjects:
9.1. Structure of triacylglycerols (TAG)
9.2. Assimilation of dietary fats
9.3. Hypertriacylglycerolemia type I, hyperchylomi-cronemia
9.4. Fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis in the liver and adipose tissue
9.5. Lipid mobilization
9.6. Fatty acid oxidation
9.7. Participation of hormones in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation in the liver
9.8. Ketone bodies
9.9. Eicosanoids
9.10. Active oxygen forms and lipid peroxidation
9.11. Cholesterol structure and its distribution in tissues
9.12. Dietary cholesterol assimilation
9.13. Synthesis of cholesterol in the liver and its transport to tissues
9.14. HDL metabolism and their role in cholesterol metabolism
9.15. Bile acid synthesis, regulation of process. Gallstone disease
9.16. Hypercholesterolemia. Mechanism of atherosclerosis development
Lipids are presented by a large group of compounds in the human body. They include hydropho-bic substances: triacylglycerols (TAG), cholesterol esters (CE), as well as amphipathic substances with hydrophobic and hydrophilic (polar «head») parts, for example, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids (see section 4).
Lipids perform a large number of functions:
• lipids sparticipate in the formation of membranes, for example, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol;
• lipids are precursors of coenzymes, for example, lipid-soluble vitamin K;
• TAGs build up the energetic reserve for the body, perform heat-insulating and mechanical defense function;
• cholesterol is used for bile acids, steroid hormones, vitamin D3 synthesis;
• lipids participate in the signal transduction, for example, PIP2, in activation of enzymes - phos-phatidyl serine, etc. The alteration of lipid metabolism leads to atherosclerosis, obesity, and gallstone disease.