Lesson 30. BIOCHEMISTRY OF NUTRITION AND DIGESTION

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Task

Guidelines for performing the task

1

2

3

1

Study the main stages of metabolism

1. Describe the main stages of metabolism.

2. Charicterize digestion as first phase of metabolism

2

Study chemical composition of digestive juices

1. Write down the daily amount, pH, organic and inorganic components, proteins and enzymes contained in:

a) saliva;

b) gastric juice;

c) pancreatic juice;

d) intestinal juice;

e) bile

3

Study pathological components of gastric juice

1. List the pathological components of gastric juice.

2. Draw and fill in the table:

Pathological component

Disease with which this pathological component is associated

Blood Bile acids Lactic acid Volatile fatty acids

1

2

3

4

Study the types

of gastric juice acidity

1. Write down normal values of total acidity, free and bound hydrochloric acid in gastric juice.

2. List biological functions of HCl in gastric juice.

3. Describe the mechanism of production of HCl.

4. Define the terms hyperchlorhydria, hypochlorhydria, achlorhydria, achylia.

5. Draw and fill in the table:

Disease

Total acidity

Free HCl

Reference level Hyperacidic gastritis Peptic ulcer of stomach Stomach cancer Achylic gastritis

5

Study the main components of human food

1. Write down the daily requirement for proteins for a healthy adult.

2. Write down chemical formulas of essential amino acids.

3. Define in writing the term nitrogen balance and types of its imbalance.

4. Describe the manifestations and causes of Kwashiorkor.

5. Write down the main dietary carbohydrates.

6. Write down the daily requirement for carbohydrates and lipids.

7. Write down structural formulas of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and list their functions in the human body

6

Study the role of mineral components and vitamins in the diet

1. What does the term macroelements mean? Give examples.

2. What does the term microelements mean? Give examples.

3. Name diseases associated with deficiency of iron, copper, calcium, fluorine, iodine ions in the diet.

4. What are vitamins? Write down their classification

Index

Saliva

Gastric juice

Pancreatic juice

Bile

Intestinal juice

Daily volume

0.5-2.0 l

2.0-2.5 l

1.5-2.0 l

0.5-1.2 l

1.2-1.5 l

рН

6.0-7.4

1.0-2.5

7.8-9.0

7.3-8.0

7.1-7.5

Dry residue

0.5-0.6%

0.6-1.0%

1.2-1.6%

2.5%

1.4-1.6%

Index

Saliva

Gastric juice

Pancreatic

Bile

Intestinal juice

juice

Main mineral components

К⁺, Na⁺, Са²⁺, Mg²⁺, Сu²⁺, Fe³⁺

Сl^-, НСО_з^-, F^-, SO₄^2-, I^-, РO₄^3-, CNS^-

НСl - up to 0.6%, Na⁺,

К⁺, Са²⁺, Mg²⁺, Сl^-, НСО_з^-, РO₄^3-, SO₄^2-

К⁺, Na⁺, Са²⁺, НСО_з^-, Сl^-

Na⁺, К⁺, Са²⁺,

Mg²⁺, НСО_з^-, Сl^-, F^-, SO₄^2-,

РO₄^3-

Na⁺, К⁺, Са²⁺, Сl^-, РO₄³- НСО_з^-

Main

organic

compounds

Urea

Ammonia Amino acids Monosaccha-rides

Creatinine Syalic acid, etc.

Urea

Ammonia Uric acid Polypeptides Amino acids Syalic acid, etc.

Urea

Ammonia Amino acids Creatinine

Bile acids Bile pigments Cholesterol Lecithin Fatty acids Urea, etc.

Urea

Lactic acid Amino acids Creatinine

Mucus proteins

Mucin

Group-specific proteins

Gastro-muco-proteins

Mucin

Mucin

Mucin

Main enzymes

α-amylase

α-glucosidase

Lysozyme

Pepsin

Gastrixin

Chymosin

Trypsin

Chymotrypsin

Elastase

Carboxy-pepti-

dases A and B

α-amylase

Lipase

Phospholipase A

RNAase

DNAase

Alkaline

phosphatase

Catalase

α-amylase

α-glucosidase

ß- glucosidase

ß-galactosidase

Amylo-1,6-glyco-

sidase

Lipase

Phospholipases

В, С, D

Cholesterol

esterase

Enterokinase

Aminopeptidases

Phosphatases

Nucleases

Nucleotidases etc.