Questions to study.
1. Modern views on intracellular degradation of proteins. Proteolytic enzymes of the cell. Classes of proteolytic enzymes.
2. The intracellular pool of free amino acids and their sources.
3. Common ways of amino acid catabolism (transamination, deamination and decarboxylation). Deamination of amino acids. Oxidative deamina-tion. Indirect oxidative deamination.
4. Toxicity of ammonia. Pathways of ammonia detoxification. Urea cycle.
5. Genetic disorders of urea cycle enzymes.
6. The fate of carbon skeletons of amino acids.
7. Glycogenic and ketogenic amino acids.
8. Specialized products of metabolism of tryptophan, histidine, and glu-tamate.
9. Biogenic amines and their significance. Synthesis of serotonin, histamine, GABA. Metabolism of biogenic amines.
10. Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism and their hereditary disorders. Phenylketonuria. Alkaptonuria. Albinism.
11. Synthesis of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine from tyro-sine. Significance of catecholamines. Catabolism of catecholamines.
12. Biosynthesis of creatine and creatine phosphate. Significance of creatine phosphate. Metabolism of creatine. Creatinine.
13. Synthesis of nonessential amino acids.
14. Heme synthesis. Genetic defects of heme synthesis enzymes. Porphyria.
15. Heme catabolism. Disorders of heme catabolism. Jaundice.
16. Synthesis of purine nucleotides. Significance of 5-phosphoribosyl 1-py-rophosphate for purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Key enzymes of purine biosynthesis and regulation of their activity.
17. Synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. Significance of carbamoyl phosphate for pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis.
18. Catabolism of purine nucleotides. Hereditary disorders of purine nu-cleotide catabolism. Gout.