Questions to study.
1. Lipids: their definition, classification, representatives and significance.
2. Structure and biological significance of triacylglycerols.
3. Degradation of triacylglycerols in the cells and its regulation.
4. Main pathways of fatty acids degradation. β-oxidation of fatty acids.
5. Breakdown of odd carbon fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids.
6. Oxidation of glycerol and its significance.
7. Synthesis of saturated fatty acids and its regulation.
8. Synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Desaturase of fatty acids. Polyun-saturated fatty acids and their significance.
9. Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols and its regulation.
Assignment for self-instruction
| | Guidelines for performing the task |
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| Study the biological role of lipids | 1. Indicate the biological role of lipids. 2. Describe the classification of lipids |
| Study the biological role of triacylg-lycerols | 1. Write down the main biological significance of triacylglycerols. 2. Write down chemical reactions of breakdown of tristearin in the adipo-cytes |
| Study the main pathways of glyc-erol metabolism in tissues | 1. Write down a scheme of glycerol oxidation. 2. Calculate the energy balance of complete aerobic glycerol breakdown to end products (СО2 and Н2О). 3. Write the scheme of other glycerol metabolism pathways within the cell |
Ending of the table
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| Study the process of fatty acids oxidation in tissues | 1. What main pathways of fatty acid oxidation do you know? 2. Write down the reaction of fatty acid activation and mechanism of its transpor from cytosol to mitochondria. 3. Write down the formula of carnithine. 4. Write down the reactions of ß-oxidation of fatty acids and indicate the enzymes. 5. Calculate the energy balance ß-oxidation of stearic acid, palmitic acid, and tristearin |
| Study the synthesis of fatty acids in tissues | 1. Write down structural formulas of biotin and 4'-phosphopantothein. 2. Write down reactions of synthesis of fatty acids and list the enzymes of the synthetase complex. 3. What is the connectin between synthesis of fatty acids and pentose phosphate pathway of glucose oxidation? 4. Describe the process of synthesis of monoenic fatty acid. 5. Write the chemical formulas of ω-3 и ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids that are not synthesized in human body |
| Study the synthesis of triacylg-lycerols (TAG) in tissues | 1. Write down reactions of fatty acid and glycerol activation, reactions of TAG synthesis. 2. What is the significance of glucose for TAG synthesis in adipose tissue? 3. What do you know about regulation of TAG synthesis? |
Library-research paper
1. Free radical oxidation of fatty acids and its role.
LABORATORY WORK
1. Quantification of total lipids in the blood
The products of unsaturated lipid decomposition interact with phospho-vanillin reagent in the presence of sulfuric acid to yield a product with characteristic pink color. The color intensity is proportional to the lipid content in the analyzed sample.
Procedure
► Prepare the control, experimental and standard samples.
► Put 0.1 ml of blood serum into the experimental sample (tube 1), put 0.1 ml of distilled water into the control sample (tube 2), and put 0.1 ml of standard triolein solution into the standard sample (tube 3).
► Add 2.9 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid to all three test tubes.
► Mix the contents of all tubes intensively and place them in boiling water for 10 min.
► Remove the test tubes from the water bath and cool under running tap water.
► Put 0.2 ml of aliquot from each test tubes into three new test tubes containing 3 ml of phosphovanillin reagent.
► Mix the samples intensively by shaking and then put in a dark place.