I. The major causes of venous hyperemia are the following:
1. Left-sided heart failure.
2. Right-sided heart failure.
3. A decrease in blood viscosity.
4. Obstruction of venous vessels.
5. Compression of venous vessels.
6. Contraction of arterial vessels.
7. Insufficiency of the venous valves.
8. Simultaneous contraction of arterial and venous vessels.
II. Choose the causes of arterial hyperemia.
1. A decrease in arterial pressure.
2. Left-sided heart failure.
3. A decrease in the sympathetic drive in the skin.
4. Accumulation of potassium in the tissue.
5. Increased local temperature.
III. Which of the following signs characterize venous hyperemia?
1. An increase in capillary permeability.
2. A decrease in the blood flow rate in the affected area.
3. An increase in water resorption in venules.
4. Cyanosis.
5. Paleness.
6. A decrease in local temperature.
IV. Consequences of the severe venous hyperemia.
1. Hypotrophy of parenchymal cells.
2. Fibrosis.
3. Necrosis.
4. Hyperplasia of parenchymal cells.
5. Hypertrophy of parenchymal cells.
6. Dystrophy of parenchymal cells.
V. Which of the following signs characterize ischemia?
1. A decrease in local blood deposition.
2. A decrease in lymph production.
3. A decrease in the blood flow rate through the affected area.
4. Cyanosis.
5. Local redness.
6. A decrease in local temperature.
7. A decrease in arterial vessel pulsation.
8. Paleness.
VI. Choose the common manifestations of venous hyperemia and ischemia.
1. A decrease in local blood deposition.
2. Paleness.
3. A decrease in local temperature.
4. A decrease in the blood flow rate through affected area.
5. A decrease in water resorption in the capillary bed.
6. Cyanosis.
7. A decrease in the lymph flow through the affected area.