I. Myocardial failure may result from the following:
1. Cardiomyopathy.
2. Long-standing excessive hemodynamic burden.
3. Acute hypertensive crisis.
4. Viral myocarditis.
5. Coronary atherosclerosis.
6. Massive pulmonary embolism.
7. Constrictive pericarditis.
II. Diastolic heart failure may be caused by:
1. Massive concentric ventricular hypertrophy.
2. Myocardial fibrosis.
3. Constrictive pericarditis.
4. Deposition of amiloid in the heart.
5. Ischemic injury.
6. Volume overload.
7. Aortic stenosis.
8. Mitral stenosis.
III. Sistolic heart failure may be caused by:
1. Aortic stenosis.
2. Myocardial fibrosis.
3. Constrictive pericarditis.
4. Idiopathic cardiomyopathy.
5. Myocardial ischemic injury.
6. Mitral stenosis.
IV. High-output heart failure is seen in patients with:
1. Hyperthyroidism.
2. Beriberi.
3. Ischemic heart disease.
4. Dilated cardiomyopathy.
5. Aortic stenosis.
6. Pericardial disease.
7. Myocardial fibrosis.
V. Manifestations of the left-sided heart failure are:
1. Dyspnea.
2. Orthopnea.
3. Paroxismal nocturnal dyspnea.
4. Lung edema.
5. Congestive hepatomegaly.
6. Splenomegaly.
7. Hydrothorax.
8. Ascites.
VI. Manifestations of right-sided heart failure are:
1. D yspnea.
2. Orthopnea.
3. Paroxismal nocturnal dyspnea.
4. Lower extremities edema.
5. Congestive hepatomegaly.
6. Splenomegaly.
7. Hydrothorax.
8. Ascites.
VII. Congestive heart failure is characterized by the following hemodynamic changes:
1. Decreased end-diastolic pressure.
2. Increased end-diastolic volume.
3. Decreased cardiac output.
4. Hypotension.
5. Increased peripheral resistance.
6. Increased stroke volume.
7. Decreased ejection fraction.