Chapter 2. Methods of examination in traumatology and orthopedics
1. The following gait is characteristic for limb shortening by more than 3 cm:
a) sparing lameness;
b) unsparing lameness;
c) jumping;
d) "duck";
e) spastic.
2. The following gait is characteristic for leg elongation (strephopodia):
a) sparing lameness;
b) unsparing lameness;
c) jumping;
d) "duck";
e) the work of the "mill wheel".
3. The following gait is characteristic for the consequences of pelvic fracture with a symphysis rupture:
a) sparing lameness;
b) unsparing lameness;
c) "duck";
d) jumping;
e) the work of the "mill wheel".
4. The position of the patient or the examined segment during examination may be:
a) active;
b) passive;
c) forced;
d) functional;
e) fixed.
5. The lower limb axis passes through the following points:
a) the anterior superior iliac spine - the inner edge of the patella - the third toe;
b) the anterior superior iliac spine - the outer edge of the patella - the first toe;
c) the anterior superior iliac spine - the inner edge of the patella - the first toe;
d) the greater trochanter apex - the outer edge of the patella - the third toe;
e) the greater trochanter apex - the inner edge of the patella - the first toe.
6. Recurvation is:
a) bending of the limb axis anteriorly;
b) bending of the limb axis posteriorly;
c) outward bending of the limb axis;
d) inward bending of the limb axis;
e) this condition is not associated with a change in the limb axis.
7. Antecurvation is:
a) bending of the limb axis anteriorly;
b) bending of the limb axis posteriorly;
c) outward bending of the limb axis;
d) inward bending of the limb axis;
e) this condition is not associated with a change in the limb axis.
8. Hallux valgus is:
a) bending of the limb axis anteriorly;
b) bending of the limb axis posteriorly;
c) outward bending of the limb axis;
d) inward bending of the limb axis;
e) this condition is not associated with a change in the limb axis.
9. Varus deformity is:
a) bending of the limb axis anteriorly;
b) bending of the limb axis posteriorly;
c) outward bending of the limb axis;
d) inward bending of the limb axis;
e) this condition is not associated with a change in the limb axis.
10. A reliable sign of a limb bone fracture is:
a) local soreness during palpation;
b) change in the absolute length of the segment;
c) pronounced swelling in the area of injury;
d) change in the relative length of the segment;
e) sharp local soreness.
11. Reliable signs of a limb bone fracture include:
a) soreness under load along the limb axis;
b) relative shortening of the limb;
c) pathological mobility in the injury area;
d) significant edema;
e) local soreness during palpation.
12. Dislocations of large limb joints are characterized by:
a) change in the relative length of the limb;
b) change in the absolute length of the limb;
c) excessive mobility in the joint area;
d) spring resistance with an attempt of movements in the joint;
e) complete absence of movement in the joint area.
13. Dyspnea is characterized by impaired:
a) respiratory rate;
b) respiratory rhythm;
c) respiratory depth;
d) inspiration mechanism;
e) expiration mechanism.
14. Respiratory rate may vary in case of:
a) asphyxia;
b) traumatic brain injury;
c) acute blood loss;
d) hemothorax;
e) pneumothorax.
15. The correct procedure for examining the patient:
a) head, neck - limbs - back, spine - chest - abdomen, pelvis;
b) head, neck - chest - abdomen, pelvis - limbs - back, spine;
c) abdomen, pelvis - chest - back, spine - head, neck - limbs;
d) abdomen, pelvis - head, neck - limbs - back, spine - chest;
e) limbs - chest - abdomen, pelvis - back, spine - head, neck.
16. In case of a fall on the feet from a height, which led to heel bone fractures, the most likely concomitant damage is:
a) "impacted" fracture of the femoral neck;
b) damage to the knee joint menisci;
c) "whiplash" fracture of the cervical vertebrae;
d) fracture of vertebrae in the lumbar region;
e) fracture of the acetabular floor.
17. In fractures, the following injury mechanisms are distinguished:
a) blunt
b) high-energy and low-energy;
c) direct;
d) indirect;
e) gunshot.
18. High-energy injury includes:
a) gunshot wounds;
b) road injuries;
c) thermal burns with high-temperature combustible mixtures;
d) fall from the stairs;
e) fall caused by slipping on ice.
19. Possible causes of secondary open fractures:
a) skin damaged by a bone fragment at the moment of injury;
b) skin damaged by a bone fragment during transportation;
c) necrosis of soft tissues with exposure of bone fragments;
d) exposure of bone fragments as a result of medical manipulations;
e) gunshot wound.
20. Dislocations of large limb joints are characterized by the following signs:
a) change in the absolute limb length;
b) change in the relative limb length;
c) excessive mobility in the joint area;
d) spring resistance with an attempt of movements in the joint;
e) bone crepitation.
Chapter 3. Consolidation of fracture
1. The following may serve as the source for the bone regenerate formation in fractures:
a) differentiated osteoblasts;
b) osteoclasts;
c) osteogenic cells;
d) periosteal cells.
2. The following parts are distinguished in the bone regenerate:
a) endosteal;
b) diaphyseal;
c) periosteal;
d) intermediary.
3. Approximate terms of complete cartilage tissue replacement with bone tissue during fracture healing are: