Key answers for Test 1
1) 1f, 2a, 3e, 4b, 5d, 6c
2) 3, 2, 4, 1
3) 1. Micrococci. 2. Diplococci. 3. Staphylococci. 4. Streptococci. 5. Sarcinae. 6. Tetracocci (tetrad).
4) 1. Nucleoid (DNA). 2. Pili. 3. Ribosome. 4. Flagella. 5. Cytoplasm. 6. Cell membrane. 7. Cell wall. 8. Ccapsule.
5) b
6) b, c
7) b, e, f
8) d
9) a, e, f
10) b, c, d, g
11) 3, 1, 2
12) a
13) 1c 2b 3a
14) b
15) c
16) d
17) c
18) c
19) 1b, 2c, 3a, 4d
20) c
21) 1. Envelope. (Supercapsid). 2. Capsid. 3. Nucleic acid.
22) b
23) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4
24) 1b 2a 3c
25) a, d, f
26) c, e
27) Enveloped virus
28) c
29) 1c 2a 3b
30) b
31) 1b 2d 3a 4c
32) 3, 2, 1, 5, 4
33) b
34) a, c, d, h
35) b
36) Disk diffusion method.
37) a
38) 1b, 2d, 3a, 4c
39) 1b, 2a, 3c
40) Foreign molecule that cause immune response in human body.
41) c
42) c, d, e, f
43) b, c, d, e, f, i
44) a, b, g, h, j
45) b, c, d, e
46) a, b, c, d
47) c, f, g
48) a, h, I, j
49) a, g, h
50) b, c, e
Key answers for Test 2
1. a
2. a
3. a
4. b
5. a
6. d
7. d
8. c
9. a, c
10. c
11. c
12. c
13. d
14. b
15. b
16. b
17. a, d
18. a
19. c
20. c
21. b
22. b
23. c
24. c
25. a
26. Classic pathway includes the following steps:
a) Antigen-antibody complexes activate C1 →C4 (C4a, C4b) →C2 (C2a, C2b).
b) The component C2a activates C3 which cleaves into two fragments, C3a and C3b. The component C3a causes inflammation process (it activates mast cells that produce histamine, serotonin causing vascular permeability).
c) C3b improves phagocytosis and activate C5.
d) The component C5 divided into two components C5a (take part in inflammation) and C5b which activate complex C6, C7, C8, C9 called Membrane attack complex.
e) The complex C6–C9 causes cytolysis of antigen.
27. a
28. 1b, 2a, 3c, 4d, 5e
29. c
30. a
31. c
32. d
33. a
34. d
35. Immunoglobulin has Y-shape. It consists of 2 H- and 2-L-chains that bond with disulphide bonds.
36. a
37. c
38. a, c, g, h
39. a, d, h
40. a, e, h
41. b, f, i
42. b, c, d
43. a, b, c
44. c
45. a, b
46. Hypersensitivity is a state of altered reactivity in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to a foreign agent.
47. d
48. b
49. anaphylactic type
50. cytotoxic type
51. immune complex type
52. cell-mediated type
53. a
54. d
55. a
56. a
57. a, b
58. a, c
59. d
60. e
61. b, f
62. a, d
63. a
64. a
65. b
66. c
67. b
68. d, e, f
69. g, h, i
70. a
71. c
72. Vaccines are preparations of antigens whose administration artifcially establishes a state of immunity without causing disease.
73. 1, 2
74. Chemical (fractionated) vaccine
75. 3, 6
76. An adjuvant is a particular substance which can nonspecifcally enhance the immune response or change the type of immune response when it is injected before or together with the antigens.
77. 2, 7, 8
78. therapeutic serum
79. 1
80. diagnostic serum
81. recombinant vaccine
82. 2
83. 3
84. 2
85. 1
86. 2
87. 1
88. 1, 4
89. 2
90. 2
91. 1
92. 1
93. 2
94. 3
95. a, c, e
96. a, c
97. c
98. a, d
99. a, b, c, d
100. b, d
Keys for study cases
The keys include potential answers to the cases. These are names of causative agents that are able to cause described signs and infections. You may find information in chapters to answer the questions about biological properties, epidemiology and pathogenesis of caused diseases, microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of infections.
UNIT 1. Special bacteriology and mycology.
Case 1. Streptococcus pyogenus.
Case 2. Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale or Epidermophyton floccosum (Athlete’s foot).
Case 3. Nesseria meningitidis.
Case 4. N. meningitidis.
Case 5. Escherichia coli.
Case 6. Bordetella pertussis.
Case 7. Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Case 8. B. pertussis.
Case 9. B. pertussis.
Case 10. Escherichia coli.
Case 11. Campylobacter diarrhea.
Case 12. Neisseria gonorrhoeaea.
Case 13. Chlamydia trachomatis.
Case 14. Salmonella enteritidis.
Case 15. E. coli.
Case 16. Vibrio cholerae.
Case 17. V. cholerae.
Case 18. Candida.
Case 19. Clostridium botulinum.
Case 20. C. perfringens.
Case 21. C. tetanus.
Case 22. Staphylococcus aureus.
Case 23. Streptococcus pyogenes.
Case 24. S. pneumonia.
Case 25. Streptococcus pyogenus, Epstein–Barr virus infection, Adenovirus, Corynebacterium diphtheria.
Case 26. E. coli.
Case 27. Salmonella typhi.
Case 28. Proteus mirabilis.
Case 29. Shigella sonnei.
Case 30. E. coli O157:H7.
case 31. Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Case 32. Enteroaggregative E. coli.
Case 33. Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Case 34. P. aeruginosa.
Case 35. V. cholerae.
Case 36. V. cholerae.
Case 37. Brucella spp.
Case 38. Francisella tularensis.
Case 39. Brucella spp.
Case 40. B. pertussis.
Case 41. N. meningitidis serogroup A.
Case 42. Streptococcus pneumonia.
Case 43. Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Case 44. Chlamydia trachomatis.
Case 45. K. pneumoniae.
Case 46. Rickettsia prowazekki.
Case 47. Coxiella burnetti.
Case 48. Mycoplasma hominis, M. genitalium.
Case 49. Neisseria meningitidis.
Case 50. Streptococcus pneumonia.
Case 51. E. coli.
UNIT 2. Special virology.
Case 1. Influenza virus.
Case 2. Influenza virus.
Case 3. Mastadenovirus.
Case 4. Paramyxovirus (parainfuenza).
Case 5. Morbillivirus (measles).
Case 6. Morbillivirus (measles).
Case 7. Paramyxovirus (mumps).