Latin alphabet. Rules of reading. Letter combinations. Stress

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While studying this topic, you will:

get acquainted with the Latin alphabet;
learn how to pronounce sounds represented by the letters;
learn how to read and write in Latin correctly.

The lesson is divided into the following sections:

the Latin alphabet and the rules of reading;
general Rules for Latin Accentuation;
spelling difficulties.

Latin alphabet and rules of reading

Latin alphabet consists of 25 letters.

Letter	Pronunciation	Rules of Reading	Example
A a	[˄]	NB! аe — pronounced like [æ]	Crataegus — hawthorn — боярышник
B b	[b]		Betula — birch — береза
С с	pronounced like in tsar	when followed by vowels e, i, y and by diphthongs ae, oe and eu	Acidum — acid — кислота
	[k]	when c is followed by a, o, u	capsula — capsule — капсула
	[k]	NB! ch = [kʰ]	charta — paper — бумага
D d	[d]		dens — tooth — зуб
E e	[e]	hard sound	Tormentilla — cinquefoil — лапчатка
F f	[f]		Fluorum — fluorine — фтор
G g	[g]	NB! gu + vowel = [gv] gu + cons. = [gu]	Gelatina — gelatin — желатин lingua — language — язык fungus — mushroom — гриб
H h	[h]		herba — herb — трава Hyoscyamus — henbane — белена
I i	[i]		spiritus — alcohol — спирт Iodum — iodine — йод
J j	[j]		Juniperus — juniper — можжевельник major — big — большой
K k	[k]		Kalium — potassium — калий
L l	[l]	always soft	Humulus lupulus — hop — хмель
М m	[m]		Magnium — magnesium — магний
N n	[n]		Natrium — sodium — натрий
О о	[ɒ]	oe = [æ]	odor — smell — запах oedema — edema — отек
Р р	[p]	NB! ph = [f]	Papaver — poppy — мак pharmacon — drug — лекарство
Q q	[k]	NB! qu = [kv]	aqua — water — вода
R r	[r]	NB! rh = [r]	Rubus idaeus — raspberry — малина Rheum — rhubarb — ревень
S s	[s]		sirupus — syrup — сироп spirituosus — alcohol — спиртовой
	[z]	between two vowels or a vowel and m, n or when proceeded by l, r, n	gargarisma — rinsing — полоскание suspension — suspension — суспензия
		vow. + ss + vow = [s]	Melissa — melissa — мелисса
		NB! su + vow. = [sv]	suavis — pleasant — приятный
T t	[t]	NB! ti + vow. = [ts] NB! s/x/t + ti + vow. = [ti]	tabuletta — tablette — таблетка solution —solution — раствор mixtio — mixture — смесь
U u	[u]		Urtica — nettle — крапива
V v	[v]		Valeriana — valerian — валериана
X x	[ks]	in the words of Greek origin	Oxygenium — oxygen — кислород
Y y	[i]	in the words of Greek origin	Myrtillus — blueberry — черника
Z z	[z] [ts]	in the words of Greek origin other cases	Zona — zone — пояс, зона Zincum — zinc — цинк (искл.)