6.1. HYGIENIC PROBLEMS OF CITIES
Scientific and technological revolution of the second half of the 20th century caused worldwide growth of productive powers and concentration of the population in cities.
City-serving factors include:
• large industrial enterprises whose products are distributed and consumed not only in this populated area but also outside it;
• objects of railway, water, air, road transport (railway stations and nodes, sea and river ports, airports, bus stations, etc.);
• administrative political, public and cultural and educational institutions, whose significance goes beyond the boundaries of a given area (government offices, museums, libraries, theaters, etc.);
• higher educational institutions and research organizations;
• medical and health-improving institutions (sanatoriums, holiday centers, and tourist centers).
In each city and village, in addition to the city-forming group of enterprises and institutions, there are institutions, organizations, and enterprises whose purpose is to serve the residents of this area.
City-forming functions include: providing the population with inland transport, services including housing and communal services, educational, medical, production of household and everyday goods (food, personal hygiene products, and household goods).
The structure of the modern city is divided into residential, industrial, and landscape-recreational zones.
The residential area is intended for: housing, public buildings and structures including research institutes and their complexes, as well as individual communal and industrial facilities that do not require sanitary protection zones; for the construction of intra-city communications, streets, squares, parks, gardens, boulevards, and other common areas.