Topics of the lesson: External reference points, borders, areas of a chest. Reference lines. Osteo-muscular base of the chest. Layers and cellular spaces of the chest wall (retromammary space, subpectoral spaces etc.). Vessels and nerves. Mammary gland topography. Topography of the intercostal spaces and the internal thoracic artery. Diaphragm. Topographic anatomy of the lungs: borders, division into lobes, segments, blood supply and innervation. Pleural topography. Topography of the heart and pericardium. Operations on the chest organs: surgical accesses. Rib resection. Incisions used in purulent mastitis. Breast surgeries for cancer and benign tumors. Puncture of the pleural cavity and pericardium.
23.1. In Fig. 23.1, apply the upper and the lower boundaries of the thoracic area.
23.2. Depict and sign names of the reference lines of the chest in Fig. 23.1 in English and Latin.
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Fig. 23.1. Reference lines of the chest
23.3. Using Fig. 23.2 sign names of the layers of the chest wall in English and Latin.
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Fig. 23.2. Structure of the chest wall
23.4. Describe the structure of the mammary gland according to Fig. 23.3.
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Fig. 23.3. Structure of the mammary gland 23.5. Sign arteries supplying the mammary gland in English and Latin using Fig. 23.4.
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Fig. 23.4. Blood supply to the mammary gland
23.6. Sign pathways of the regional lymphatic drainage from the mammary gland using Fig. 23.5.
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Fig. 23.5. Lymphatic pathways from the mammary gland
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23.7. Describe parts and openings of the diaphragm which are numbered in Fig. 23.6 in the English and Latin.
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Fig. 23.6. Topography of the diaphragm; the abdominal cavity aspect 23.8. List weak points in the diaphragm: