2.1. Aseptics
2.1.1. Founders of aseptics
Aseptics is the system of measures directed to the prevention of microbial contamination of the surgical wound and the patient's body.
In 1863, Louis Pasteur proved that the processes of fermentation and decay are associated with penetration, growth and development of microorganisms. The outstanding Russian surgeon N.I. Pirogov was one of the first who suggested the possibility of transmitting the infectious matter through the hands of the surgeon, surgery and bedclothes and also he used alcohol, silver nitrate and iodine for disinfection. In 1847 the Hungarian physician-obstetrician I. Semmelweis used 10% solution of chlorinated lime on his hands for the prevention of puerperal sepsis. In 1867 J. Lister explained postoperative wound infection by penetration and development of microbes in the wound. He introduced the method of treatment and prevention of suppurative processes based on the use of the carbolic acid solution. The surgical area, surgeon's hands, instruments were treated with 2-5% carbolic acid solution and the postoperative wound was closed with multilayer dressing soaked in 5% carbolic acid solution. In Russia, this method was first used by I.I. Burtsev in 1870. However, carbolic acid induced necrosis of tissues, dermatitis, led to the intoxication of patients and medical staff. In 1890, at the X International Congress of Surgeons in Berlin, the basic principle of aseptics was officially accepted: "everything that comes into contact with the wound should be sterile." In 1897, Zoege von Manteuffel suggested performing surgeries in sterile rubber gloves.
In 1885, Russian surgeon M. Subbotin was the first who equipped the surgery room where he worked with the sterile dressing material. T. Billroth introduced the uniform for doctors of surgical departments in the form of a white