Questions to study.
1. Hypothalamic hormones: their releasing factors and biological significance. Regulation of their secretion. Hypothalamic hormones stored in the posterior pituitary: their representatives, structure, and biological significance. Diabetes insipidus.
2. Hormones of anterior pituitary. Tropic hormones: their structure and biological effects. Regulation of their secretion. Disorder of secretion: dwarfism, gigantism and acromegaly.
3. Sex hormones and their classification. Androgens: their representatives, synthesis, regulation of secretion, regulatory effects on metabolism, physiological effects. Androgens as drugs. Side effects of androgens.
4. Female sex hormones: their classification, representatives, synthesis, regulation of secretion. Physiological effects of estrogens and progestins. Disorder of their secretion. Virilism. Estrogens and progestins as drugs.
Assignment for self-instruction
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| Study hormones of the hypo-thalamus and pituitary gland | 1. Explain why the hypothalamus acts as a vegetative center for neural and endocrine regulation of metabolism. 2. Describe the structure and functions of hypothalamic hormones - statins, liberins, neurohormones (vasopressin, oxytocin). 3. Why is vasopressin called antidiuretic hormone? What are the causes and signs of diabetes insipidus? 4. Consider the structure and biochemical significance of growth hormone, follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormone, prolactin, thyrotropin, corticotropin. 5. Characterize the principles of autonomic self-regulation of the following systems: hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, and hypothalamic-pituitary-corticoid axis |
Ending of the table
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| Consider the features of interaction between steroid hormones and their receptors | 1. Describe the structure of steroid hormone receptor. 2. Draw a scheme of the effect of steroid hormones on the target cell |
| Consider male sex hormones | 1. Write down formulas of testosterone and androsterone. 2. Describe physiological effects of testosterone and its effect on metabolism of proteins and lipids |
| Consider female sex hormones | 1. Write down formulas of estrogens and progesterone. 2. List the physiological functions of estrogen and features of its effects on metabolism. 3. Write down functions of progesterone. 4. Describe the changing of levels of estradiol and progesterone at different phases of the menstrual cycle. 5. Describe the system of regulation of secretion of sex hormones and gonadotropins by feedback mechanism |
Library-research paper
1. Proopiomelanocortin and its role in synthesis of pituitary hormones.
LABORATORY WORK 1. Qualitative responses to estrone
Estrone is a female sex hormone. It is an estrogen:
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1.1. Reaction of estrone with diazo reagent
Procedure
3 ml of alcohol solution of folliculin (estrone) is placed into a test tube. After that, 2 ml of 10% sodium carbonate and 3 ml of diazo reagent are added. Pale yellow coloration appears gradually.
Preparation of diazo reagent
Two reagents are prepared: reagent A - 0.9 g of sulfanilic acid is dissolved in concentrated HCl and the volume is adjusted to 100 ml; reagent B - 5% water solution of sodium nitrite.
1.5 ml of reagent A and 1 ml of reagent B are mixed right before the analysis. The mixture should be shaken constantly. In five min 6 ml of reagent B is added. In a minute, the volume of mixture is adjusted to 500 ml. Diazo reagent can be stored for 24 hours on ice.