Questions to study.
1. Structure, properties and biological significance of carbohydrates.
2. Glycolysis: separate reaction of 1st and 2nd stages, its regulation and biological significance. Energy balance.
3. Metabolic fate of pyruvate.
4. Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, its structure. Regulation of oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate.
5. Aerobic oxidation of glucose and its energetic role. Significance for the energy supply of cells. Pasteur effect.
6. Oxidation of cytoplasmic NADH in mitochondria: malate-aspartate and glycerol phosphate shuttles.
7. Anaerobic oxidation of glucose and its significance.
8. Alcohol fermentation of glucose and its significance.
9. Metabolism of mannose, fructose and galactose and their hereditary disorders.
10. Structure and role of glycogen. Synthesis and breakdown of glycogen. Regulation of glycogen synthesis and breakdown.
11. Glycogen storage diseases: causes and clinical manifestations.
12. Pentose phosphate pathway of glucose oxidation, its oxidative and non-oxidative stage and biological significance.
13. Gluconeogenesis: its substrates, key reaction (bypass of irreversible glycolysis reaction), its significance, and regulation.
14. Cori cycle. Glucose-alanine cycle.
15. Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.
16. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism at diabetes mellitus.
TESTS TO ASSESS FORMATION OF THE FOLLOWING COMPETENCIES: GC-1, GPC-1, 7, 9, PС-5, 12
Choose one correct answer
4.1. The product of anaerobic glycolysis is:
A) lactic acid;
B) pyruvic acid;
C) phosphoenolpyruvate;
D) acetyl-CoA.
4.2. Product of aerobic glycolysis is:
A) lactic acid;
B) pyruvic acid;
C) phosphoenolpyruvate;
D) acetyl-CoA.
4.3. Apotomic oxidation of glucose takes part in: